Regular nouns : Kata benda single dan jamak beraturan (cukup menambahkan 's' dan 'es')

Regular nouns

Most singular nouns form the plural by adding -s.

Examples

Singular	Plural
boat	boats
house	houses
cat	cats
river	rivers

A singular noun ending in s, x, z, ch, sh makes the plural by adding-es.

Examples

Singular	Plural
bus	buses
wish	wishes
pitch	pitches
box	boxes

A singular noun ending in a consonant and then y makes the plural by dropping the y and adding-ies.

Examples

Singular	Plural
penny	pennies
spy	spies
baby	babies
city	cities
daisy	daisies

Baca Selanjutnya »

Irregular Nouns : Kata benda tidak beraturan (Irregular) Single (Singular) dan Jamak (Plural) dalam bahasa Inggris

Irregular nouns

There are some irregular noun plurals. The most common ones are listed below.

Examples

Singular	Plural
woman	women
man	men
child	children
tooth	teeth
foot	feet
person	people
leaf	leaves
mouse	mice
goose	geese
half	halves
knife	knives
wife	wives
life	lives
elf	elves
loaf	loaves
potato	potatoes
tomato	tomatoes
cactus	cacti
focus	foci
fungus	fungi
nucleus	nuclei
syllabus	syllabi/syllabuses
analysis	analyses
diagnosis	diagnoses
oasis	oases
thesis	theses
crisis	crises
phenomenon	phenomena
criterion	criteria
datum	data

Some nouns have the same form in the singular and the plural.

Examples

Singular	Plural
sheep	sheep
fish	fish
deer	deer
species	species
aircraft	aircraft

Baca Selanjutnya »

English Task : Technology for our lives

TECHNOLOGY FOR OUR LIVES

Technology is the usage and knowledge of tools, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization. Technology nowadays constantly seems to seep its way into our daily routines. Everything we do is somehow connected with technology, whether it for working or studying and helping our life. Without technology, life would be more difficult than it already is, knowledge would be limited and more difficult to achieve. The task of technology is to create a better and easier living for ourselves and for the world.

Now I will take some example of technology today, such as Personal digital assistant (PDA) that lightweight, a hand-held computer designed for use as a personal organizer with communications capabilities; also called a handheld, Electric Cars With Plug In Technology, Laser (Light Amplification Stimulated Emission Of Radiation) Is a Mechanism of emitting of light within Electromagnetic Wave radiation based process of stimulated emission, hand phone, mp3 players and so on.

Looking back in time, we realize how much our lives have changed due to the fruits of technology. It has provided us with freedom and less consumption of time and resources. A nation's economic growth can be measured according to the level of technology. This is because a number of factors are responsible for affecting an individual's life style. The most important factor for deciding the working of a particular technology is the presence of competition. Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class.

With the advent of technology, people are building bridges to decrease the distances in their mind. One basic drawback that has taken place is that people are becoming lethargic due to high trends in technology. It is shortening our ability to pay attention. Robotics, automation and computerization are on the go for changing our lives. Implementation of robotics will give higher efficiency and cheaper labor, thereby increasing unemployment rate.

Technology is so integrated with our lives today. Various influences, both positive and negative, of technology already we feel together.

POSITIVE:

The positive effect is that it accelerates what one person can do. With tech you can make one person do much job in same time and do things quickly and better. With tech, you can protect yourself by encrypting all your transmissions, however it makes it that much easier for someone to protect truly harmful transmissions like child porn or criminal activity. Overall, and in a modern sense, tech decentralizes the power and control over the media and distributes it to regular people creating a more democratic society. In the same way, it destabilizes society by challenging the authority of institutions within that society who need to centralize power to maintain that control that does provide stability. However, the emergence of tech will show that old institutions are no longer needed or have to modify.

NEGATIVE

The reality is that today’s society is so dependent on technology. for example almost every family has a television, there are even families who have more than one television. In addition, almost everyone has a mobile phone that can be used to access the internet and open facebook or twitter. as a result, people spent much time in front of the television  and browse the internet for updating status on facebook and twitter, or play games on line through mobile phone, laptop. Without parent’s guide the children can be access the porn sites or bad ones that very unsuitable for them because they can not filter whether is true and false exactly.

In our opinion, now the community is very spoiled with technology and highly dependent on technology. For example to calculate ( sum, subtraction, division) we rarely use our brainpower, but rather use the calculator to solve them.

In other hand technology sometimes makes bigger unemployment because the job that was taken by 100 people now can do by a machine just a click. Unemployment is a serious problem for government because sometimes increase the criminal because they can’t have enough money for fill up the life budget.

Now the other side of technology is not so green. It is because of improvised technology only that we have seen nuclear and atomic wars. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment.

Hence, one must know how to balance between manpower and automation. In the world of automation, cars have created freedom as well as concrete jungle. Technology is affecting our near future so it becomes our responsibility to streamline it in the right direction.

Baca Selanjutnya »

Penggunaan Article A, An, dan The

Penggunaan Article A, An, dan The

Dalam TOEFL, penggunaan kata sandang (article) a, an, dan the merupakan salah satu aspek yang paling sering ditanyakan. Di lain pihak, penggunaan article sering kita remehkan, walaupun harus kita akui bahwa penggunaannya sering membingungkan, khususnya dalam menentukan perlu tidaknya kita menambahkan article di depan noun.

Perbedaan penggunaan article A vs AN.

Sebagai article, ‘ a ‘ dan ‘ an ‘ artinya adalah satu. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, kedua article ini dapat diterjemahkan menjadi sebuah/seorang/seekor/sehelai dst. Hal ini tergantung dari noun yang mengikutinya. Misalnya,

• an apple = sebuah apel
• a lady = seorang wanita
• a tiger = seekor harimau
• a leaf = sehelai daun, dst.

Penggunaan A dan AN

1. a dan an hanya dapat diikuti oleh singular nouns (benda tunggal), tetapi tidak pernah secara langsung diikuti oleh uncountable nouns (benda tidak dapat dihitung). Olehnya itu, akan INCORRECT jika anda menulis,

• I need a water. (water: uncountable noun)
• I just ate a bread. (bread: uncountable noun)
• She just heard a bad news about her parents. (news: uncountable noun)

Kalimat ini akan menjadi benar jika article a dihilangkan atau jika di depan uncountable nouns (i.e. water dan bread) ditambahkan penakar (container) atau pengukur yang berfungsi untuk menyatakan berapa banyak/volume/ukuran dari uncountable nouns tersebut.

• I need water. Atau I need a glass of water.
• I just ate bread. Atau: I just ate a big slice of bread.
• She just heard bad news about her parents. Atau: She just heard a piece of bad news about her parents.

Kapan kita gunakan a dan kapan kita gunakan an dapat dibaca pada topik Noun (part 2): Countable. Selain itu, noun yang tergolong ke dalam uncountable noun juga harus diketahui, sebab article a dan an tidak digunakan jika diikuti oleh uncountable nouns.

2. a dan an digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sebuah singular noun secara umum (in general).

Contoh:

1. A football is usually made of leather. ( leather = kulit. Note: dalam konteks ini, jangan gunakan kata skin. Leather adalah animal skin yang sudah diolah).
2. An artist should keep a good relationship with fans.

3. a dan an digunakan untuk merujuk ke sebuah singular noun yang belum pernah disebutkan sebelumnya.

Contoh:

1. I met a guy last night.
2. My company just built a new skyscraper. (skyscraper = gedung pencakar langit)

Penggunaan article THE

Ada beberapa rules yang harus anda pahami dalam penggunaan article the.

1. The umumnya digunakan untuk merujuk noun yang sudah pernah disebutkan sebelumnya. Dengan adanya the, noun yang dimaksud menjadi lebih spesifik. Noun tersebut bisa countable, bisa juga uncountable noun. Jika countable noun, noun tersebut bisa singular, bisa juga plural. Dalam hal ini, the dapat berarti tersebut atau itu, atau kadang-kadang ini.

Contoh:

1. I met a guy last night. The guy asked my number and whether I would go out for a date. (number = nomor telepon, date = kencan). Dalam kalimat ini, the bisa digantikan dengan that.
2. The water in my well is contaminated. (well = sumur, contaminated = terkontaminasi). Dalam kalimat ini, the tidak pas kalau digantikan dengan that, karena “water” di kalimat ini sudah diterangkan oleh “in my well“. Coba terjemahkan, terasa janggal bukan?
3. Three students didn’t perform well in my exam. The (three) students hadn’t studied hard enough before the exam. Dalam kalimat ini, kata three adalah optional: bisa digunakan, bisa juga dihilangkan, karena maknanya sudah dipahami oleh lawan bicara atau pembaca. Di kalimat ini, the dapat digantikan dengan those/these. Jika anda masih ragu dalam penggunaan those/these, akan lebih aman jika anda gunakan the.
4. There are many persons named Agnes Monica on Facebook. You will have hard time to find the Agnes Monica who sings Matahariku.

Sebaliknya, the tidak digunakan jika kita membicarakan uncountable nouns atau plural nouns secara umum (in general).

Contoh:

1. Water needs to be conserved. (Air perlu dikonservasi/dilindungi).
2. Sugar is sweet. (Gula (rasanya) manis).
3. Durians are very smelly. (Duarian-durian sangat bau/baunya keras).
4. Lazy students hardly get good grades. (Murid-murid yang malas hampir tidak pernah mendapat nilai-nilai bagus).

2. Kata seperti breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper (= dinner), school, church, home, dan college pada umumnya tidak membutuhkan article. Tetapi, jika noun ini dirujuk, barulah article the diperlukan.

Contoh:

1. We go to school everyday. Starting next week, however, the school will be bulldozed by the government. (be bulldozed = diratakan dengan tanah dengan menggunakan bulldozer).
2. Jenny and I just finished having lunch at the cafetaria. I thanked her because she paid for the lunch.
3. I am very tired. I’d like to go home.

3. Rules yang lain dalam menentukan apakah the digunakan atau tidak, dapat dilihat pada tabel berikut. Note: the yang digunakan pada nouns di tabel berikut pada umumnya tidak berarti “tersebut”, olehnya itu, tidak dapat digantikan dengan that.

Gunakan THE untuk:	Jangan gunakan THE untuk:
Nama samudra, laut, sungai, teluk, plural lakes (nama danau yang terdiri dari 2 danau atau lebih). Contoh: the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Java Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Great Lakes, the Citarum River	Nama danau Contoh: Lake Toba, Lake Batur, Lake Erie
Nama pegunungan Contoh: the Rocky Mountains, the Andes, the Bukit Barisan	Nama gunung Contoh: Mount Merapi, Mount Semeru, Mount Kilimanjaro. Mount Everest.
Earth, moon, sun Contoh: the earth, the moon, the sun	Nama planet (selain bumi), rasi bintang Contoh: Mars, Venus, Orion,
Nama sekolah, universitas, college jika sekolah, universitas, college ditempatkan di depan. Contoh: the School of Cooper’s Art, the University of Gadjah Mada, the college of Arts and Sciences.	Nama sekolah, universitas, college jika sekolah, universitas, college ditempatkan di belakang. Contoh: Cooper’s Art school, Gadjah Mada University, Sante Fe Community College.
Ordinal number sebelum nouns Contoh: the Second World War, the third chapter	Cardinal number setelah nouns Contoh: World War Two, Chapter three.
Nama perang (kecuali perang dunia) Contoh: the Korean War, the Crimean War, the Civil War
Nama negara yang terdiri dari 2 kata atau lebih (kecuali Great Britain) Contoh: the United States of America, the Central African Republic	Nama negara jika hanya terdiri dari satu kata Contoh: Indonesia, China, Canada, France
	Nama benua Contoh: Asia, Europe, South America.
	Nama state/province Contoh: Florida, Ohio, California, Manitoba, Jawa Timur, Sulawesi Utara.
Dokumen bersejarah Contoh: the constitution, the Magna Carta
	Nama Olahraga Contoh: basketball, football, tennis
	Noun abstract Contoh: freedom, happiness
	Bidang ilmu Contoh: mathematics, Economics, sociology
	Nama hari raya Contoh: Christmas, Thanksgiving, Idul Fitri, Independence day

Contoh:

1. Bryan Adams was born in Canada, but he lives in Great Britain. Celine Dion is also a Canadian born singer, but she lives in the United States now.
2. The Great Lakes consist of five lakes one of which is Lake Ontario.
3. The earth travels around the sun, and so does Mars.

Baca Selanjutnya »

Modal Auxiliary

Modal Auxiliary

Modal auxiliary, merupakan kata bantu yang berhubungan dengan perasaan dan pengandaian. Dapat digunakan untuk semua subyek, baik tunggal maupun jamak. Tanpa mengalami perubahan bentuk.

Macam-macam modal auxiliary :
A Will
be going to akan
B Can
be able to bisa, sanggup
C May
have permission to boleh, meminta izin
D Might
possibility mungkin, kemungkinan
E Should
ought to sebaiknya, seharusnya
F Must
have to harus, musti, pasti.
( Bisa digunakan untuk kal present dan future. )
G Could
be able to bolehkah

Will
Will digunakan untuk menyatakan :
kegiatan yang akan terjadi
Contoh : I will go to Semarang tomorrow
kemauan
Contoh : I will help you
kebenaran abadi
Contoh : Stone will sink in the water
permintaan secara halus
Contoh : Will you come in please ?
janji atau tekad yang akan dilakukan
Contoh : I will ask her if I see her
Bentuk umum penggunaan will
Subject + will + verb + object + complement
Will + subject + verb + object + complement ?
Contoh:
He will be here at 6:00 (future only)
Will you please pass the salt ?

Can
Can dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan :
kesanggupan atau kemahiran seseorang
Contoh : he can lift the big box
menyatakan izin
Contoh : you can go home now
menyatakan kemungkinan

Bentuk umum dari can adalah :
1. Subject + can + be + complementary (adj, noun, adv)
Contoh :
We can be clever.
You can be sick.
They can be present.
2. Subject + can + verb + object
Contoh :
We can speak english.
You can see me tomorrow.
They can finish the work on time.

May
May digunakan untuk menyatakan :
permintaan dan izin
suatu kemungkinan
penolakan izin untu melakukan sesuatu jika digunakan dalam kaimat negatif
Contoh : the students may not smoke in te class
mendoakan kondisi sesorang atau sesuatu
1. May + subject + verb + object + complement
Contoh:
May i see the picture now ?.
May we visit you tommorow ?.
May the join the meeting ?.
2. Subject + May + verb + object (memberi ijin)
Contoh:
You may leave the room.
They may join the meeting.

Might
Might digunakan untuk :
kalimat tidak langsung
kemungkinan yang lebih lemah dari may
Contoh : she might come last night
izin yang lebih halus dari may
Contoh : might I know your name ?
Bentuk umum penggunaan might :
Subject + Might + verb + complement
Contoh:
Linda goes to that bulding every morning. She might be a worker there.
Boby wants to buy a book. He might go to a bookstore.
Burhan is not at home. He might go to his office.

Should
Should digunakan untuk menyatakan :
perintah yang tidak terlaksana
Contoh : you should have recieved my letter
anjuran atau nasehat
Contoh : we should take a rest
kemungkinan yang tidak terjadi
Contoh : we should obey our parents
Bentuk umum dari penggunaan should :
Subject + Should + verb + complement
Contoh:
She should do well on the test.
The lady should take medicine and rest.

Must
Must digunakan untuk menyatakan :
suatu keharusan
Contoh : I must do my homework
kemungkinan yang kuat
sutu larangan, digunakan apabila digunakan dalam kalimat negatif
Contoh : she musn't do that
Subject + Must + verb + object + complement
Example:
Rio is from Indonesian. She must speak indonesian well.
Jenny can play piano well. She must practice a lot.
Mr. Will has many companies. He must be rich.

Might
Might digunakan untuk :
kalimat tidak langsung
kemungkinan yang lebih lemah dari may
Contoh : she might come last night
izin yang lebih halus dari may
Contoh : might I know your name ?
Bentuk umum penggunaan might :
Subject + Might + verb + complement
Contoh:
Linda goes to that bulding every morning. She might be a worker there.
Boby wants to buy a book. He might go to a bookstore.
Burhan is not at home. He might go to his office.

Could
Could digunakan untuk menyatakan :
kemampuan dimasa lampau
Contoh : he could play volleyball when he was young
permintaan izin yang lebih formal
Contoh : could you helpme for a momment ?
kemungkinan yang ada namun belum diputuskan
Contoh : you could meet him in his home or his office
Bentuk umum dari could :
Subject + Could + verb
Kata kerja could dapat diganti dengan mengunakan kata to be + able to untuk menyatakan usaha keras untuk memperoleh sesuatu.
Contoh : I am able to pay him

sumber : http://student.eepis-its.edu/~bay/UTS/could.htm

Baca Selanjutnya »

Active and Passive Voice

Active and Passive Voice

Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.

Contoh :

• Active: We fertilize the soil every 6 months
• Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months

Dari contoh ini dapat kita lihat bahwa:

1. Object dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice
2. Subject dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun ‘us’.
3. Verb1 (fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice.
4. Ditambahkannya be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di bawah).
5. Ditambahkannya kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’.
6. Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan “being”, tensisnya akan berubah, bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh pada poin h – o di bawah.

Berdasarkan keenam poin di atas maka passive voice mengikuti pola sebagai berikut:

Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier

Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis

a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.

Contoh:

• Active    : He meets them everyday.
• Passive  : They are met by him everyday.

• Active    : She waters this plant every two days.
• Passive  : This plant is watered by her every two days.

b. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atau were

Contoh:

• Active    : He met them yesterday
• Passive  : They were met by him yesterday

• Active    : She watered this plant this morning
• Passive  : This plant was watered by her this morning

c. Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’

Contoh:

• Active    : He has met them
• Passive  : They have been met by him
• Active    : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
• Passive  : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.

d. Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been

Contoh:

• Active    : He had met them before I came.
• Passive  : They had been met by him before I came.

• Active    : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
• Passive  : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here

e. Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be

Contoh:

• Active    : He will meet them tomorrow.
• Passive  : They will be met by him tomorrow.

• Active    : She will water this plant this afternoon.
• Passive  : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.

• Active    : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week
• Passive  : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.

f. Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’

Contoh:

• Active    : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
• Passive  : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.

• Active   : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.
• Passive  : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.

g. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.

Contoh:

• Active    : He would have met them.
• Passive  : They would have been met by him.

• Active    : She would have watered this plant.
• Passive  : This plant would have been watered by her.

h. Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am atau are) + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He is meeting them now.
• Passive  : They are being met by him now.

• Active    : She is watering this plant now.
• Passive  : This plant is being watered by her now.

i. Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was atau were) + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He was meeting them.
• Passive  : They were being met by him.

• Active    : She was watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant was being watered by her.

j. Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He has been meeting them.
• Passive  : They have been being met by him.

• Active    : She has been watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant has been being watered by her.

k. Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He had been meeting them.
• Passive  : They had been being met by him.

• Active    : She had been watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant had been being watered by her.

l. Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will be + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He will be meeting them.
• Passive  : They will be being met by him.

• Active    : She will be watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant will be being watered by her.

m. Jika active voice dalam past future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He would be meeting them.
• Passive  : They would be being met by him.

• Active    : She would be watering this plant.
• Passive   : This plant would be being watered by her.

n. Jika active voice dalam future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will have been + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He will have been meeting them.
• Passive  : They will have been being met by him.

• Active    : She will have been watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant will have been being watered by her.

o. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would have been + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He would be meeting them.
• Passive  : They would be being met by him.

• Active    : She would be watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant would be being watered by her.

Contoh-contoh yang lain:

1. Koko’s nose is bleeding. He was punched by his friend right on his nose. (Hidung Koko sedang berdarah. Dia dipukul oleh temannya tepat di hidungnya).
2. The Indonesian football team was beaten by the Saudi Arabian team. (Team sepakbola Indonesia dikalahkan oleh team arab Saudi).
3. These plants were watered by my sister a few minutes ago. (Tanaman-tanaman ini disirami oleh adikku beberapa menit yang lalu).
4. There is no meal left. All has been devoured by Yeyes. (Tidak ada makan yang tersisa. Semuanya telah dilahap habis oleh Yeyes).
5. English is studied by all high school students. (Bahasa Inggris dipelajari oleh semua murid sekolah menengah lanjutan (SMP dan SMA).

That’s all. Untuk mengetahui pemahaman anda dalam kalimat aktif dan kalimat pasif, silakan kerjakan Practice test 5.

Baca Selanjutnya »